Party Discipline refers to the level of cohesion within political parties. In Canada, a country with strong party discipline, MPs vote with their party line over 99% of the time. In the United States, a country with weaker party disciplines, representatives only vote with their party line around 90% of the time on average.

The Anglican Communion is a global fellowship of self-governing churches that is led by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Guli Francis-Dehqani, Bishop of Chelmsford, is a progressive figure known for advocacy on inclusion and diversity. If elected, she would be the first female Archbishop of Canterbury. Kanishka Raffel, Archbishop of Sydney, is a conservative evangelical leader emphasizing scripture and traditional doctrine.

Since the late 1990s, private security companies in South Africa have expanded rapidly, now outnumbering state police forces and providing policing, patrols, and protection services. 

Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy tool where a central bank creates new money electronically to buy government bonds or other financial assets. The goal is to increase money supply, lower interest rates, and stimulate borrowing, spending, and investment.